CSE Name-Year Citation Generator

Sample CSE name-year citations to model yours on

Academia, Science & Knowledge1,000 namesUpdated Oct 2026Free · no sign-up

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Generate example CSE (Council of Science Editors) name-year citations: in-text parentheticals like (Okafor 2019) and (Nguyen and Patel 2021), narrative forms, multi-source citations, organizational authors, and full end-reference entries for journal articles, books, chapters, dissertations, reports, datasets and websites.

About this generator

The Council of Science Editors style (Scientific Style and Format, 8th edition) is the house style of most biology, ecology, and geoscience journals, and it comes in three flavors: citation-sequence, citation-name, and name-year. Name-year is the one that looks like APA at a glance but has its own rules. In text you write the author's surname and year with no comma between them, (Okafor 2019); two authors are joined with 'and', not an ampersand, (Nguyen and Patel 2021); three or more authors become the first surname plus 'et al.' with no comma, (Rasmussen et al. 2018). Several sources in one parenthesis are separated by semicolons; same-author, same-year works get letters, (Chen 2022a, 2022b).

End references are alphabetized by first author and formatted with initials but no periods, no quotation marks around titles, and abbreviated journal names: Okafor CN. 2019. Nitrogen fixation in tropical legume rhizospheres. Plant Soil. 441(2):233-247. Books add place and publisher; websites add [Internet], an accessed date, and the URL; organizational authors are cited by acronym in text with the full name in the reference list. The examples cover those forms, plus surname particles, same-name initials and figure credits.

When in doubt, check the target journal's author guidelines, since many CSE journals tweak details such as DOI placement or the number of authors listed before et al.

Tips for choosing a name

Match the in-text form to the author count: (Surname Year) for one, (Surname and Surname Year) for two, (Surname et al. Year) for three or more; never use an ampersand in CSE.
In the end reference list, invert every author (surname then initials with no periods), list up to ten authors before 'et al.', and put the year immediately after the author names.
Abbreviate journal titles using the NLM Catalog abbreviations (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, not PNAS or the full title) and omit periods inside the abbreviation.
Cite organizations by acronym in text, e.g. (WHO 2020), and spell out the full name followed by the acronym in the reference list so readers can find it alphabetically.
For web sources include [Internet], the publisher and place, the update date if shown, an accessed date, and the URL or DOI.

Frequently asked questions

How does a CSE name-year in-text citation look?

Author surname and year inside parentheses with no comma: (Okafor 2019). Two authors use 'and' (Nguyen and Patel 2021), and three or more use the first author plus et al. (Rasmussen et al. 2018). Multiple sources are separated by semicolons and listed by year.

What is the difference between CSE name-year and citation-sequence?

Name-year cites author and date in text and alphabetizes the reference list. Citation-sequence uses superscript numbers in the order sources appear and numbers the reference list in that same order. Citation-name numbers references alphabetically.

How do I format a CSE end reference for a journal article?

Author(s). Year. Article title. Abbreviated journal title. Volume(issue):page range. For example: Kowalski MJ. 2017. Antibiotic resistance genes in urban wastewater. Water Res. 122:210-221. Add the DOI at the end if the journal requests it.

Are the citations here real sources?

Mostly not. The personal authors, article titles, and page numbers are made up to demonstrate CSE formatting and were not checked against real publications, so any match with a real researcher or paper is a coincidence; the organizations and journal names are real, and a few organizational reports are real publications. Use them as templates and replace the details with your actual sources; always verify against Scientific Style and Format, 8th edition, or your journal's guidelines.

More like this

Browse categoryAll Academia, Science & Knowledge

All 1,000 names

This is the complete list the generator above draws its random batches from, sorted A to Z and grouped by first letter.

Plain text, one name per line.

A: 90 names

([APHA] American Public Health Association 2005)
(Abara 1998)
(Abara et al. 2001)
(Abbasi 2002, p. 14-19)
(Abdul-Rahman 2014)
(Abrahamsen 2021)
(Abubakar 2022)
(Abubakar 2023a, 2023b, 2023c)
(Achieng 2006, p. 201, fig. 3)
(Achterberg 2022)
(adapted from Vu and Weiss 2010)
(Adebayo 2015)
(Adebayo 2016, but see Mwangi et al. 2017)
(Adebayo 2016; Bhattacharya and Thorne 2017)
(Adebayo [date unknown])

A, continued

(Adebayo and Mwangi 2016)
(Adeyemi 2025)
(after Bianco 1994)
(Aguilar 1986; Aguilar and Stewart 1989)
(Aguilar and Stewart 1989)
(Åkesson 1998)
(Akhtar and Lund 2007)
(Al-Farsi 2011)
(Al-Mansouri and Haidari 2013)
(Albrecht 1991)
(Almeida et al. 2022)
(Alvarado 2018)
(Amadi 2016)
(Amadi 2016; Brankovic 2018)
(Amadi and Kone 2017)

A, continued

(Amadi et al. 2024)
(among others, Rosen 1989; Holm 1991a)
(Anand and Grant 2018)
(Andersson 2019)
(Anonymous 1998)
(Anonymous 2006a, 2006b)
(Anonymous 2017)
(Anonymous 2019)
(Anonymous 2021a, 2021b)
(Aoki and Tamura 2004)
(Aoki et al. 1997)
(APHA 2005, p. 4-12)
(Arslan 2011)
(as defined by Yildirim 2005)
(as in Jimenez 2001)

A, continued

(Asante and Boateng 2010)
A correction by Watanabe et al. (2003) lowered
A model by García-López et al. (2013) predicted
A re-analysis by Grewal and Haugen (2009) shows
Abara C. 1998. Yam beetle damage. Trop Sci. 38:61-66.
Abbasi F. 2002. Saffron corm rot. Crop Prot. 21:511-517.
Abbasi F. 2003. Corm rot [comment]. Crop Prot. 22:1.
Abrahamsen (2020) synthesized
Abubakar (2023b) confirmed
Abubakar I. 2023a. Malaria vector resistance to pyrethroids in northern Nigeria. Malar J. 22:118.
Abubakar I. 2023b. Insecticide resistance surveillance in Anopheles gambiae [technical report]. Abuja (Nigeria): National Malaria Elimination Programme. Report No.: NMEP-2023-04.
According to El-Sayed (2012)
According to GBIF (2014)
According to Inoue (2021)
According to Kaminski (2015)

A, continued

According to Lindqvist (2015)
Achieng (2006) attributed
Achieng W. 2006. Papyrus swamp birds. Ostrich. 77:14-21.
Adapted from Vu and Weiss (2010, fig. 2)
Adebayo (2016) reported
Adebayo TO. 2016. Rift Valley fever and rain. Trop Med Int Health. 21:1012-1021.
Adeyemi O, Okonkwo N, Ekwueme C. 2022. Cassava mosaic disease surveillance in Nigeria. Plant Dis. 106(4):1105-1114.
After Dalton (1995)
Ahmadi N. 2020. Wheat rust resistance gene mapping. Crop Sci. 60(3):1420-1432.
Akhtar S. 2006. Mango hopper peaks. Crop Prot. 25:3-9.
Amadi (2016) reported
Anand P, Kapoor R, Choudhury S. 2021. Air pollution and lung function in Delhi schoolchildren. Environ Health Perspect. 129(4):047008.
Andersson et al. (2019) mapped
Anonymous. 1998. Notes and news. Oryx. 32(1):2-5.
Anonymous. 2006a. Corrigendum. Geoderma. 135:310.

A, continued

Anonymous. 2017. Editorial: reproducibility in ecology. Ecol Lett. 20(1):1-2.
Anonymous. 2019. Editorial: open data in ecology. Ecol Evol. 9(1):1-3.
Anonymous. 2021a. Retraction notice. J Ecol. 109(2):1001.
Anonymous. 2021b. Erratum. J Ecol. 109(5):2205.
As argued by Fofana (2012)
As de Jong (2003) noted
As defined by the ICZN (1999)
As first shown by Takeda (1999)
As Ivanova (2019) noted
As Jablonski (2023) observed
As Lombardi (2017) noted
As Prakash (2024) and Rahimi (2024) both note
As reported by Lehtonen et al. (2020)
As shown by van Dijk et al. (2011)
As Yamada (1993) predicted

B: 47 names

([BAS] British Antarctic Survey 2023)
([BLM] Bureau of Land Management 1999)
([BTO] British Trust for Ornithology 2013)
(Balogun 2013)
(Banerjee 2022)
(Banerjee 2022a, 2022b; Chowdhury 2023)
(Banerjee and Engel 2020)
(Baptiste 2020)
(Baptiste and Callahan 2020; Dorsey et al. 2022)
(Barros 1996; Guerrero 1997; Abara 1998)
(Barros and Ribeiro 1997)

B, continued

(Barros et al. 2000)
(Becker 1987)
(Bello and Lindholm 2007)
(Ben-David 2008)
(Bergström 2015)
(Bhattacharya 2016)
(Bhattacharya 2016, abstract)
(Bhattacharya and Thorne 2017)
(Bianchi et al. 2020)
(Bianco 1994, cited in Ghosh 2006, p. 51)
(Bianco 1994, fig. 6b)
(BLM 1999; USFS 2001; NPS 2004)

B, continued

(Bose 2001)
(Bose and Rao 2002)
(Brankovic 2018)
(Brankovic and Devi 2019)
(Brennan 2020)
(BTO 2013; see also GBIF 2014)
(but see Lungu et al. 2011)
Bakr H, Cabrera J. 2011. Date mites. Biol Control. 57:6-12.
Banerjee and Chowdhury (2021) monitored
Barros H. 1996. Cerrado ant mounds. Biotropica. 28:71-78.
Based on Egorov (2003)
Becker (1987, cited in Falk 1993) reported

B, continued

Becker W. 1987. Beech mast years. Forestry. 60:45-52.
Bergström (2022) reported
Bergström L. 2022. Wolf recolonization and ungulate browsing pressure. Wildl Biol. 2022(3):e01043.
Bhattacharya and Thorne (2017) found
Bhattacharya S. 2017. Arsenic in Bengal aquifers. Appl Geochem. 77:44-56.
Bianco (1994) derived
Bianco L. 1994. Alpine newt clutch size. Copeia. 1994:88-94.
Bose A. 2001. Jute stem weevils. J Econ Entomol. 94:7-13.
Both Gallagher (2021) and Lehtonen (2021) reported
Brankovic and Devi (2019) found
Brennan K, Fitzgerald M. 2017. Peatland carbon fluxes after rewetting. Biogeosciences. 14(11):2827-2841.
Building on Urquhart (1987)

C: 52 names

([CBD] Convention on Biological Diversity 2010)
([CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2019)
([CIFOR] Center for International Forestry Research 2008)
([CSIRO] Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2023)
(Callahan 2021)
(Callahan and Esposito 2019)
(Cardoso and Ahmadi 2015)
(Caruso 1994)
(Caruso et al. 1998)
(Castellano 2022)
(Castillo 2020)
(Castillo 2020a, 2020b)
(Castillo and Inoue 2021)

C, continued

(Castro-Vargas et al. 2009)
(Çelik 2013)
(cf. Kato 1996)
(Chaudhary and Pandey 2012)
(Chen 2022a, 2022b)
(Chen 2024)
(Chen, forthcoming)
(Cho 2005)
(Cho 2005; Akhtar 2006; Eze 2007)
(Choudhury et al. 2021)
(Chowdhury 2023)
(Cisneros 2017)
(Cisneros and Hashimoto 2018)

C, continued

(Cisneros et al. 2018, supplementary material)
(Cisneros et al. 2018; Dimitrov 2019)
(Clarke 1989; Clarke and Drummond 1990)
(Clarke A 1989; Clarke M 1989)
(Clarke and Drummond 1990)
(compare Abbasi 2002 with Ghosh 2006)
(contra Abbasi 2002)
(Costa et al. 2015)
Callahan (2020) quantified
Callahan S. 2022. Great Basin fire return intervals. Rangel Ecol Manag. 82:1-10.
Cardoso F, Almeida R, Costa J. 2018. Amazon deforestation and regional rainfall. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 115(6):1287-1292.
Caruso A. 1994. Cork oak dieback. Plant Pathol. 43:20-27.
Castellano G. 2019. Fungal endophytes and drought resilience in maize. New Phytol. 224(2):790-803.

C, continued

Castillo et al. (2020) showed
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2019. Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019. Atlanta (GA): US Department of Health and Human Services.
Chen (2022a) argued
Chen W. 2022a. Microplastic ingestion by estuarine zooplankton. Environ Pollut. 298:118-129.
Chen W. 2022b. Seasonal variation in microplastic loads. Sci Total Environ. 806:150-162.
Cho MS. 2005. Pine wilt spread. For Pathol. 35:1-10.
Cisneros et al. (2018) showed
Cisneros MA. 2020a. Andean volcanic hazards. Bull Volcanol. 82(5):41.
Classification follows Lemaire et al. (2007)
Compiled from Rosen (1989) and Holm (1991a)
Consistent with Pillai (2004)
Contrary to earlier reports (Varga 2016), Wilkins (2015) found
Contrary to Stojanovic and Hill (2008)

D: 51 names

(D'Angelo 1999)
(Dalton 1995-1998, vol. 3)
(Dalton, unpublished data)
(Dang 2008)
(Dang 2008a, 2008b; Hale 2009)
(Dang et al. 2013)
(data from Sesay et al. 2012)
(de Jong 2003)
(de la Cruz and O'Brien 2004)
(de Souza 2008)
(Delgado 2016)
(Delgado and Marchetti 2016; Haddad 2020)

D, continued

(Demir 2014)
(Desai and Gupta 2000)
(details in Mokoena 2010)
(Devi 2022)
(Devi et al. 2022; Ekstrom 2024)
(Diallo et al. 2023)
(Dimitrov 2018)
(Dimitrov and Reyes 2019)
(Dlamini 2024)
(Dlamini 2024; Engel et al. 2025)
(Dlamini and Grigoryan 2021)
(Dorsey 2022)
(Dorsey and Fujimoto 2020)

D, continued

(Drummond 1985)
(Drummond 1985, cited in Clarke 1989)
(du Plessis 2007)
(Dubois 2024)
(Dvořák 2001)
Dalton (1995) coined the term
Dalton et al. (1998) traced
Dalton J. 1995. Hedgerow dormice. Mammal Rev. 25:61-70.
Dalton J. 1998. Hedgerow ecology. 2nd ed. London: Blackwell.
Dang H. 2008a. Mekong catfish runs. Fish Res. 91:9-16.
Dang H. 2008b. Mekong fish ladders. Ecol Eng. 33:1-7.
Data from GBIF (2014)
Data from Rivera et al. (2008)

D, continued

Data: Lungu et al. (2011)
Delgado and Marchetti (2016) proposed
Delgado P, Marchetti L. 2016. Soil carbon storage in restored grasslands. Ecol Appl. 26(3):702-714.
Delgado P. 2017 Jun 3. Grassland restoration and carbon. Sci Am [Internet]. [accessed 2018 Feb 10]. https://www.scientificamerican.com/
Desai N. 1999. Tiger prey density. Oryx. 33:140-147.
Dimitrov (2019) argued
Dimitrov V. 2017. Carnivore recolonization [dissertation]. Sofia (Bulgaria): SU.
Dimitrov V. 2019. Brown bear denning in the Rhodopes. Ursus. 30(1):15-27.
Dlamini et al. (2022) evaluated
Dorsey and Fujimoto (2021) analyzed
Dorsey T, Fujimoto A. 2023. Coral settlement cues. Coral Reefs. 42(1):55-66.
Dossou K. 2009. Curve fitting [software]. Version 0.9.
Dubois C, Moreau A. 2015. Bat echolocation call plasticity in urban environments. Behav Ecol. 26(4):1044-1052.

E: 35 names

([ECDC] European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 2020)
([EEA] European Environment Agency 2010)
([EFSA] European Food Safety Authority 2021)
([EMBL] European Molecular Biology Laboratory 2011)
([EPA] Environmental Protection Agency 2021)
([ESA] European Space Agency 2021)
(e.g., Callahan 2022; Dorsey and Fujimoto 2023)
(e.g., Pillai 2004; Rivera et al. 2008)
(Egorov 2003, sect. 4.1)
(Ekstrom 2024)
(Ekstrom and Moyo 2023)

E, continued

(El-Sayed 2012)
(Engel 2025)
(Eriksen 2019)
(Eriksen 2019, 2021)
(Eriksen 2019, eq. 5)
(Eriksen and Farouk 2020)
(Esposito 2023)
(Esposito 2023a, 2023b)
(Eze et al. 2011)
(Eze, Igwe, et al. 2011; Eze, Obi, et al. 2011)
Earlier work by von Holt (1996) suggested
Egorov (2003) detected

E, continued

Egorov D. 1998. Larch growth. Lesovedenie. 4:3-11. Russian.
Egorov D. 2003. Larch ring widths. Holocene. 13:55-63.
Egorov D. 2004 Jan. Larch rings. Nat Hist. 113:28-33.
Ekstrom (2024) argued
Engel (2023) simulated
Eriksen (2021) observed
Eriksen H. 2021. Sea ice and polar bear condition. Polar Biol. 44(3):521-533.
Esposito et al. (2022) predicted
Esposito M. 2022. Insect vector trap. European patent EP 3 456 789. 2022 Jun 8.
Esposito M. 2024. Xylella vectors in olive groves. J Appl Entomol. 148:211-222.
Experiments by Bakr and Cabrera (2011) confirm
Eze O. 2007. Cowpea thrips. Afr Entomol. 15:33-40.

F: 52 names

([FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2019)
([FDA] Food and Drug Administration 2022)
(Fabbri 2016)
(Fabbri and Grigoryan 2016; Hussain 2018; Ishikawa et al. 2020)
(Fabbri and Ishikawa 2022)
(Falk 1993)
(FAO 2019; USDA 2018; EPA 2021)
(Farah [date unknown])
(Farouk 2020)
(Farouk 2020a, 2020b)
(Farouk 2020a, 2020b; Iqbal and Lombardi 2022, p. 605)
(Farouk 2020b, sect. 3.2)
(Fernandez 2020)

F, continued

(Fernandez et al. 2022; Kaur 2024)
(Ferreira 2020)
(Ferreira and Achterberg 2017; Mbeki et al. 2019)
(first noted by Urquhart 1987)
(Fischer 2015)
(Fischer 2015, 2019, 2023)
(Fischer and Hakim 2025)
(Fofana 2012, box 2)
(following Takeda 1999)
(Fontaine et al. 2022)
(for exceptions see Yamada 1993)
(for methods see Egorov 2003)
(Friedman 1990)

F, continued

(Friedman 1990; Albrecht 1991)
(Friedman and Hendricks 1991)
(Fujimoto 2024)
(Fujimoto 2024; Gonzalez 2025)
Fabbri and Grigoryan (2024) identified
Falk B. 1993. Lichen growth rates. Lichenologist. 25:83-90.
Farah A. 2013. Dune field models [preprint]. arXiv.
Farah et al. (2013) calibrated
Farouk et al. (2020a) demonstrated
Farouk N. 2020a. Date palm drought-response genes. BMC Genomics. 21:412.
Farouk N. 2020b. Salinity tolerance in date palm. Plant Breed. 139(5):988-997.
Ferreira and Achterberg (2017) suggested
Ferreira M, Achterberg J. 2017. Ocean acidification effects on larval bivalves. Limnol Oceanogr. 62(2):543-556.

F, continued

Ferreira M. 2022. Bivalve larval physiology. Front Mar Sci. 9:889012. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.889012
Figure 1. Range map (modified from Zubair et al. 2010)
Figure 2. Study sites (after Pillai 2004)
Figure 3. Ice extent (NSIDC 2014)
Figure 4. Growth curves (redrawn from Takeda 1999)
First recorded by Urquhart (1987)
Fischer and Hakim (2025) noted
Fofana M. 2010. Shea parklands [dissertation]. Dakar: UCAD.
Fofana M. 2011. Shea yields [technical report]. Rome: FAO.
Fofana M. 2012. Shea parkland decline. Hum Ecol. 40:301-310.
Following Bianco (1994)
Following the protocol of Ghosh (2006)
Fontaine E. 2022. Bee gut microbiome and pesticide tolerance. Proc R Soc B. 289(1970):20212345.

G: 33 names

([GBIF] Global Biodiversity Information Facility 2014)
(Gallagher 2021)
(Gallagher 2021, appendix B)
(Gallagher 2021; Hashimoto et al. 2022; Iqbal 2023)
(Gallagher and Suzuki 2021)
(García-López et al. 2013)
(Ghosh 2006, table 1)
(Gomez et al. 1999)
(Gonçalves 2012)
(Gonzalez 2025)
(Gonzalez and Ilunga 2021)

G, continued

(Grigoryan 2017)
(Guerrero 1997)
(Guerrero and Sandoval 1998)
(Gupta 2013)
(Gupta 2013; Demir 2014)
(Gupta N 2013; Gupta V 2013)
(Gutierrez 2017)
(Gutierrez et al. 2016)
Gallagher (2021) concluded
Gallagher R. 2021. Methane flux after ditch blocking. Mires Peat. 27:14.
Ghosh (2006) corrected

G, continued

Ghosh A. 2006 Nov 18. Tea soils sour. Hindu (Chennai). 9.
Ghosh A. 2006. Tea soil acidity. Geoderma. 133:204-212.
Gomez R. 2004. Agave bat visits. Am J Bot. 91:68-75.
Gonzalez (2023) sequenced
Gonzalez R. 2015. Monarch migration atlas [map]. Mexico City (Mexico): CONABIO.
Gonzalez R. 2016. Monarch overwintering sites. J Insect Conserv. 20:609-620.
Grant HL. 2017. Fire regimes in Australian eucalypt woodlands. Austral Ecol. 42(5):551-562.
Grewal and Haugen (2009) refined
Guerrero L. 1997. Tapir seed shadows. J Trop Ecol. 13:5-14.
Guidance from the EEA (2010) states
Gutierrez et al. (2016) measured

H: 48 names

(Haddad 2018)
(Hakim 2019)
(Hakim and Inoue 2019; Jablonski 2023; Kone 2025)
(Hale R 2009; Hale T 2009)
(Hale, unpublished observations)
(Halvorsen and Ibrahim 2022)
(Hamid 2000)
(Hamid 2000; Bose 2001)
(Hamid and Qureshi 2001)
(Hartmann and Oliveira 1994)
(Hartmann and Oliveira 1994; Hartmann et al. 1996)
(Hashimoto 2022)

H, continued

(Hashimoto, forthcoming)
(Hayashi 1995a, 1995b)
(Hayashi et al. 1992)
(Hendricks 1988)
(Herrera and Kobayashi 2017)
(Hoffmann 2015)
(Hoffmann 2015; Ilunga and Jorgensen 2017; Karim et al. 2019)
(Hoffmann and Karim 2022)
(Holloway 2016)
(Holm 1991a, chap. 2)
(Holm 1991b, cited in Toivonen 2000)
(Hossain 2011; Chaudhary 2012; Balogun 2013)

H, continued

(Hossain and Shrestha 2011)
(Huang 2006)
(Huang 2006; Lopez 2007; Kamau 2008)
(Huang et al. 2008)
(Huang, Cho, et al. 2008; Huang, Dang, et al. 2008)
(Hussain 2018)
(Hussain and Kekana 2023)
Haddad (2020) measured
Haddad R, Ibrahim S. 2023. Isotope hydrology of arid aquifers. Paper presented at: 45th International Hydrology Conference; 2023 Sep 12-15; Amman, Jordan.
Haddad R. 2020. Groundwater recharge estimation using stable isotopes. Hydrol Process. 34(12):2711-2724.
Hale RT. 2009. Dune beetle dispersal. Oikos. 118:77-85.
Hamid Z. 2000. Dust storm sources. Catena. 40:19-28.

H, continued

Hashimoto and Suzuki (2022) proposed
Hayashi K. 1995a. Snow vole burrows. J Mammal. 76:1-8.
Hayashi K. 1995b. Snow vole diets. J Mammal. 76:9-15.
Hoffmann and Karim (2024) recorded
Hoffmann K. 2018. Paddy emissions model [software]. Version 1.4. Bonn: UB.
Holloway BR. 2016. Amphibian chytrid prevalence in montane streams. Dis Aquat Organ. 118(3):215-224.
Holm (1991a, 1991b) described
Holm P, Lund E, editors. 1996. Fjord cod. Berlin: Springer.
Holm P. 1991a. Fjord cod growth. Fish Res. 11:205-218.
Holm P. 1991b. Fjord cod diet. Sarsia. 76:133-140.
Huang Y. 2006. Loess erosion plots. Catena. 68:73-80.
Hussain et al. (2025) isolated

I: 50 names

([IAEA] International Atomic Energy Agency 2009)
([ICAR] Indian Council of Agricultural Research 2009)
([ICES] International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 2022)
([ICMR] Indian Council of Medical Research 2012)
([ILRI] International Livestock Research Institute 2012)
([IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2021)
([IRRI] International Rice Research Institute 2007)
([ISO] International Organization for Standardization 2010)
([IUCN] International Union for Conservation of Nature 2024)
([IWC] International Whaling Commission 2007)
(i.e., the index of Ncube 2007)
(IAEA 2009; ISO 2010)

I, continued

(ICZN 1999)
(Igwe and Okeke 2013)
(Ilunga 2016)
(Ilunga 2018, cited in Mahmood and Nyström 2022)
(Inoue 2021)
(IPCC 2021; NOAA 2023)
(Iqbal 2023)
(Iqbal and Lombardi 2022)
(Iqbal, submitted)
(Ishikawa 2019)
(Islam et al. 2014, fig. S3)
(Ito 1992)
(Ivanova 2015)

I, continued

(Ivanova 2019; Novak et al. 2020; Sato 2021)
(Iversen et al. 2023)
(IWC 2007, table 3)
Ibrahim S. 2021. Heat stress physiology in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci. 104(5):5522-5535.
Ilunga et al. (2025) characterized
Ilunga M. 2018. Cobalt biomarkers in artisanal miners. Environ Res. 164:1-9.
Ilunga M. 2020. Mining and health in Katanga [master's thesis]. Lubumbashi: UL.
In a field trial, Mokoena (2010) observed
In a later paper, Kaya (2014) revised
In a meta-analysis, Farah et al. (2013) found
In a study by Jorgensen (2019)
In agreement with Morita (1997)

I, continued

In contrast to Abbasi (2002)
In the survey by O'Connor (2004)
In their review, Vu and Weiss (2010) noted
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2021. Climate change 2021: the physical science basis. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
Iqbal (2023) measured
Iqbal M, Lombardi G. 2022. Wheat blast in South Asia. Plant Pathol. 71:602-613.
Ishikawa (2016) inferred
Islam R. 2014. metapool [R package]. Version 1.2.
Ismail and Joshi (2008) applied
ISO (2010) specifies
Ito M. 1995. Charr runs. Jpn J Ichthyol. 42:1-8. Japanese.
Ivanova EP. 2018. Psychrophilic enzymes. In: Encyclopedia of microbiology. 4th ed. Vol. 3. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier. p. 620-631.
Ivanova EP. 2019. Cold-adapted enzymes from Antarctic bacteria. Extremophiles. 23(4):411-423.

J: 24 names

([JAXA] Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 2014)
([JMA] Japan Meteorological Agency 2011)
(Jablonski 2023)
(Jablonski et al. 2018)
(Jankowski 2020)
(Jankowski 2020; Kekana 2021; Laurent 2022; Mendoza 2023)
(Jankowski and Mendoza 2024)
(Jensen 2024)
(Jensen and Nkemelu 2023)
(Jensen and Nkemelu 2023; Kaminski 2024)
(Jimenez 2001, glossary)
(Jones, unpublished data)

J, continued

(Jorgensen 2017)
(Jorgensen and Mahmood 2023)
(Jovanovic 2003)
(Jovanovic 2003; Jovanovic and Popescu 2004)
(Juarez and Morales 2010)
(Juarez et al. 2014)
Jankowski and Kekana (2017) contrasted
Jensen (2024) reviewed
Jensen OB. 2024. Eelgrass restoration in Danish fjords. Aquat Bot. 190:103-114.
Jimenez (2001) resampled
Jimenez P. 2001. Epiphyte loads. Biotropica. 33:34-47.
Jimenez P. 2003. Cloud forest plants. Quito: Abya-Yala.

K: 58 names

([KWS] Kenya Wildlife Service 2012)
(Kamau 2008)
(Kaminski 2015, 2016; Dimitrov 2017, 2019)
(Kaminski 2025)
(Kaminski and Oduya 2024)
(Kaminski et al. 2016, fig. 2)
(Kang, Ito, et al. 2007)
(Kapoor et al. 2024)
(Karim 2018)
(Kato, personal communication)
(Kaur 2019)
(Kaya 2014, suppl. table S2)
(Kekana 2021)
(Keller 1986)

K, continued

(Keller 1986, cited in Friedman 1990)
(Keller 1986; Becker 1987; Hendricks 1988)
(Khumalo 2005, 2008; Naidoo 2009)
(Khumalo and Naidoo 2006)
(Khumalo et al. 2009)
(Kim DH 2008; Kim YS 2008)
(Kim YS 2008, fig. 2)
(Kimura 2017)
(Kone 2025)
(Kovacs 1998)
(Kowalski 2017; Yamamoto et al. 2019; Osei 2023)
(Kowalski 2018, chap. 4)
(Kowalski 2019)
(Kruger 2001)
(Kruger 2001, 2003; Kruger et al. 2004)

K, continued

(Kruger and Mahlangu 2002)
Kaminski P. 2015. Carpathian lynx connectivity. Landsc Ecol. 30(7):1233-1247.
Kaminski P. 2016. Lynx monitoring protocol [technical report]. Krakow: INC.
Kato (1996) dated
Kato (1996, 1999) reported
Kato et al. (2002) banded
Kato S. 1996. Dating cave pollen. Boreas. 25:101-110.
Kato S. 1999. Cave pollen II. Boreas. 28(Suppl 1):5-12.
Kaur (2024) reviewed
Kaur S, Anand P. 2019. Plant pathogen detection kit. United States patent US 10,234,567. 2019 Mar 19.
Kaur S. 2024. CRISPR-based diagnostics for plant pathogens: a review. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 62:145-168.
Kaya (2014) adapted
Kaya M. 2012. Fig wasps [dissertation]. Ankara: METU.
Kaya M. 2014. Fig wasp phenology. Ecol Entomol. 39:41-49.

K, continued

Kaya M. Forthcoming 2015. Fig wasp flight. Ecol Entomol.
Keller F. 1986. Scree plant roots. Flora. 178:111-118.
Key adapted from Zubair et al. (2010)
Khumalo T. 2005. Rhino dung middens. Koedoe. 48:17-25.
Kim DH (2008) and Kim YS (2008) used the same site
Kimura and Alvarado (2018) compared
Kimura T, Alvarado J. 2018. Thermal tolerance of intertidal gastropods. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 501:45-52.
Kimura T. c2020. Intertidal thermal biology [Internet]. Sapporo (Japan): Hokkaido University; [accessed 2021 May 6]. https://example.ac.jp/intertidal
Kobayashi A. 2019. Salmon migration timing and river temperature. Can J Fish Aquat Sci. 76(8):1355-1366.
Kone et al. (2025) concluded
Kovacs I. 1998. Reed bed warblers. Ibis. 140:95-103.
Kowalski (2017) observed
Kowalski MJ. 2016. Wastewater resistomes [dissertation]. Warsaw (Poland): University of Warsaw.
Kowalski MJ. 2017. Antibiotic resistance genes in urban wastewater. Water Res. 122:210-221.
Kruger PJ. 2001. Fynbos seed banks. S Afr J Bot. 67:1-8.

L: 35 names

(Lambert 1990, 1993; Lund 1994)
(Laurent 2022)
(Laurent and Ohlsson 2025)
(Le Roux 2010)
(Le Roux and du Plessis 2010; van der Merwe 2012)
(Lehtonen 2019)
(Lehtonen 2019, 2020, 2022)
(Lehtonen and Ochieng 2024)
(Lévesque 2000)
(Lindgren 2016)
(Lindgren et al. 2020)

L, continued

(Lindqvist 2015, 2018, 2021)
(Lindqvist 2023)
(Lombardi 2015)
(Lombardi 2015, 2017, 2019)
(Lombardi 2018, p. 112)
(Lopez 2007)
(Lopez C 2007; Lopez E 2007)
(Lopez et al. 2012)
(Lopez, Tran, et al. 2007; Lopez, Vega, et al. 2007)
(Lungu et al. 2011, p. 77, table 5)
Lambert G. 1990. Vineyard spiders. J Appl Ecol. 27:60-69.
Larsson E, Iversen T. 2016. Reindeer grazing and tundra vegetation change. Arct Antarct Alp Res. 48(2):345-358.

L, continued

Later confirmed by Zhou et al. (2009)
Laurent et al. (2018) reconstructed
Lehtonen J. 2021. Lake browning and fish. Freshw Biol. 66(3):512-524.
Lemaire C. 2007 Mar 3. Soil fungi. New Sci. 193:40-43.
Lindgren (2016) proposed
Lindqvist A, Bergström L. 2020. Boreal mammal survey data 2010-2019 [dataset]. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.example
Lindqvist A. 2015. Predator-prey dynamics in boreal forest mammals. J Anim Ecol. 84(5):1235-1247.
Lombardi G. 2016. The hidden life of truffles. Natl Geogr. 229(3):72-89.
Lopez, Vega, et al. (2007) found
Lund E. 1994. Seal haul-out counts. Polar Res. 13:59-66.
Lungu P. 2011. Borer trap counts [dataset]. Dryad.
Lungu P. 2011. Borers [abstract]. Afr Crop Sci J. 19:88.

M: 48 names

([MBARI] Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute 2013)
([MRC] Medical Research Council 2008)
(Maalouf 2013)
(Maalouf 2013; Maalouf and Nielsen 2014)
(MacDonald 1992)
(Madsen, Lund, et al. 1991)
(Magalhães et al. 2007)
(Mahlangu 2009)
(Mahmood 2020)
(Mahmood and Nyström 2021; Ochieng 2022)
(Marchetti 2017)
(Matsuda 1996; Matsuda and Paulsen 1997)

M, continued

(Matsuda and Paulsen 1997)
(Mbeki 2023)
(Medina 2004)
(Medina et al. 2008)
(Mendoza 2023)
(Mensah and Fitzgerald 2024)
(methods as in Nair and Owusu 2013)
(modified from Ghosh 2006)
(Mohammed A 2011; Mohammed K 2011)
(Mokoena 2010, p. 9)
(Morales 2012)
(Moreau 2018)

M, continued

(Morita 1997, eq. 8)
(Moyo 2018)
(Müller 2002)
(Müller 2002; Çelik 2013; Öztürk et al. 2014)
(Mwangi 2016)
(Mwangi et al. 2017; Oduya 2018; Pereira and Uddin 2020)
(Mwangi, personal communication)
Mahmood (2021) later revised
Map based on Ncube (2007)
Mbeki et al. (2019) documented
Mbeki T, Ndlovu S, Diallo A. 2019. Rangeland degradation and pastoral livelihoods. J Arid Environ. 168:22-31.
Mbeki T. 2016. Pastoralism in a changing climate [master's thesis]. Cape Town (South Africa): University of Cape Town.

M, continued

McAllister D. 2020. Antimicrobial peptides from frog skin. J Nat Prod. 83(6):1899-1908.
Medina J. 2004. Paramo frost damage. Plant Ecol. 171:9-15.
Mendoza (2019) reanalyzed
Mensah A. 2023. Cocoa agroforestry and bird diversity in Ghana. Agrofor Syst. 97(2):287-301.
Modified from Toivonen (2000)
Mokoena (2010) tagged
Mokoena L. 2008. Vultures [master's thesis]. Pretoria: UP.
Mokoena L. 2010. Vulture nest trees. Ostrich. 81:31-37.
Morita (1997) corroborated
Morita H. 1997. Goby nest guarding. J Fish Biol. 51:40-49.
Moyo and Nakashima (2018) compared
Mwangi et al. (2017) estimated

N: 53 names

([NASA] National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2022)
([NCAR] National Center for Atmospheric Research 2009)
([NCBI] National Center for Biotechnology Information 2024)
([NERC] Natural Environment Research Council 2012)
([NIH] National Institutes of Health 2023)
([NMFS] National Marine Fisheries Service 2011)
([NOAA] National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2023)
([NPS] National Park Service 2004)
([NRC] National Research Council 1996)
([NSF] National Science Foundation 2018)
([NSIDC] National Snow and Ice Data Center 2014)
(Naidoo 2002)
(Nakagawa et al. 2024)

N, continued

(Nakamura 2020)
(Nakashima 2020)
(Nakashima et al. 2022)
(Navarro et al. 2002)
(Ncube 2007, map 3)
(Ndlovu and Rossi 2019)
(Nguyen 2016)
(Nguyen 2019, fig. 3)
(Nguyen and Patel 2021)
(Nielsen 1987)
(Njoroge 2024)
(Njoroge and Adebayo 2015)
(Njoroge et al. 2024; Ohlsson 2025)

N, continued

(Nkemelu 2017)
(Nkemelu 2018, plate 3)
(nomenclature follows Toivonen 2000)
(Novak 2021)
(NRC 1996, 2003)
(Núñez 2010)
(Nyström 2021)
(Nyström and Rahimi 2025)
Naidoo K. 2002. Estuary mullet. Afr Zool. 37:55-63.
Nair and Owusu (2013) genotyped
Nair S, Owusu K. 2013. Cocoa mirids. Crop Prot. 44:8-15.
Nakamura Y, Sørensen K. 2018. Estuarine sediment dynamics. Rev Geophys. 56(3):512-548.
Nakamura Y. 2017. Sediment transport in tidal estuaries. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. 195:33-44.

N, continued

National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2023. Data management and sharing policy [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): NIH; [accessed 2024 Mar 4]. https://sharing.nih.gov/
Navarro M. 1999. Olive fly traps. Crop Prot. 18:9-15.
Ncube S. 2007. Miombo burns [video]. Harare (Zimbabwe): UZ.
Ncube S. 2007. Miombo fire scars. Afr J Ecol. 45:120-128.
Nguyen and Patel (2021) found
Nguyen TH, Patel RK. 2021. Coral bleaching thresholds under repeated thermal stress. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 662:115-128.
Njoroge and Ohlsson (2020) validated
Nkemelu (2018) described
Note: categories follow Yildirim (2005)
Note: thresholds from Fofana (2012)
Novak et al. (2020) estimated
Novak J, Bakker H, Weber F. 2020. Pollinator decline across European farmland. Nature. 582(7811):215-219.
Novak J. 2015. Bees, farms and pesticides. Nat Geogr. 227(5):48-63.
Nyström and Rahimi (2022) replicated

O: 37 names

(O'Connor 2004)
(Obi and Sharma 2012)
(Ochieng 2022)
(Oduya 2018)
(Oduya 2019, table 4)
(OECD 2012)
(Ohlsson 2025)
(Okafor 2015)
(Okafor 2019)
(Okafor 2019; Nguyen and Patel 2021)
(Okafor, personal communication)
(Okeke 2006)

O, continued

(Okonkwo 2021)
(Olsen et al. 2019)
(Onyango 2014; Tran 2014)
(Ortega et al. 2015)
(Osei 2025)
(Østergaard 2006)
(Otieno 2006, 2009; Otieno and Marsh 2014)
(Otieno and Marsh 2014)
(Otieno et al. 2008)
(Oyelaran 2025)
(Öztürk 2011)
Ochieng D. 2023. Tsavo elephant tracks [dataset]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/ex

O, continued

Ochieng et al. (2023) cautioned
Oduya (2019) confirmed
Oduya B. 2019. Aflatoxin in stored groundnut. Food Control. 98:145-152.
Okafor (2019) reported
Okafor CN, Nguyen TH. 2020. Field methods in tropical soil ecology. 2nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.
Okafor CN. 2019. Nitrogen fixation in tropical legume rhizospheres. Plant Soil. 441(2):233-247.
Okeke E. 2006. Oil palm weevils. Environ Entomol. 35:1-7.
Originally described by Toivonen (2000)
Osei (2023) concluded
Osei EK, Mensah A. 2022. Bats of West African farmland: a field guide. Accra (Ghana): Ghana Wildlife Society.
Osei EK. 2023. Bat community responses to agricultural intensification in West Africa. Biol Conserv. 279:109-121.
Oyama and Pham (2003) summarized
Oyama S, Pham D. 2003. Fern spore rain. Oecologia. 135:9-18.

P: 32 names

([PHAC] Public Health Agency of Canada 2011)
(Pandey 2008)
(Pandey 2008; Mahlangu 2009; Mutua 2010)
(Pandey et al. 2011)
(Park 2000)
(Park JH 2000; Park SY 2000)
(Patel 2017)
(Patel 2020, p. 45)
(Peña 2005)
(Pereira 2019)

P, continued

(Pereira 2020, chap. 6)
(Pereira and Uddin 2025)
(Pérez-Molina and Lindström 2006)
(Petersen 1994; Petersen and Chavez 1996)
(Petrov 2015)
(Pillai 2004, appendix 2)
(Prakash 2023)
(Prakash and Tremblay 2015)
(Prakash et al. 2023; Rahimi 2024; Salazar and Tremblay 2025)
Park JH (2000) reported
Park SY. 2000. Tidal flat crabs. Hydrobiologia. 430:1-9.

P, continued

Patel RK, editor. 2018. Advances in coral reef science. New York (NY): Springer.
Paulsen T. 1993. Krill swarm depth. Mar Biol. 116:81-88.
Pereira and Uddin (2020) suggested
Pereira JL, Uddin S. 2020. Sundarbans mangrove carbon. Wetlands. 40:1451-1462.
Petrov DA. 2018. Mutation rate variation across Drosophila populations. Genetics. 209(2):519-531.
Photo: Mokoena (2010)
Pillai R. 2002. Otter diets [master's thesis]. Kochi: CUSAT.
Pillai R. 2004. Otter spraint counts. J Zool. 263:417-424.
Popescu V. 2005. Delta pelican counts. Waterbirds. 28:5-11.
Prakash (2024) questioned
Prakash V. 2025. Vulture recovery after the diclofenac ban. Oryx. 59(1):44-52.

Q: 5 names

(Quintero 2020)
(Quintero 2020a, 2020b, 2020c)
(Quintero and Xu 2015)
Quintero et al. (2021) documented
Quintero R. 2020b. Iron limitation in Antarctic waters. Mar Chem. 221:103-112.

R: 44 names

([RHS] Royal Horticultural Society 2001)
([RSPB] Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 2009)
(Rahimi 2024)
(Rahman et al. 2025)
(Ramaswamy 2023)
(Rao 1997)
(Rao et al. 2000)
(Rao, Bose, et al. 2000; Rao, Desai, et al. 2000)
(Rasmussen 2018)
(Rasmussen et al. 2018)
(Rasmussen et al. 2018, 2020)
(Rasmussen et al. 2021, table 2)
(recalculated from Achieng 2006)
(reviewed by Farah et al. 2013)

R, continued

(reviewed in Jensen 2024)
(Reyes 2021)
(Reyes 2021; Suzuki 2022)
(Reyes, in press)
(Rivera et al. 2008, dataset S1)
(Rojas and Schneider 2023)
(Romero 1991)
(Rosen 1989-1992)
(Rosen, in press)
(Ruiz et al. 2018)
Ramaswamy V. 2023. Aerosol forcing uncertainty in climate models. J Clim. 36(9):2811-2828.
Rasmussen et al. (2018) showed
Rasmussen JL, Lindqvist A, Chen W. 2018. Genome-wide association of drought tolerance in barley. Theor Appl Genet. 131(6):1207-1219.
Rasmussen JL. 2019. Barley genomics. In: Chen W, editor. Cereal crop improvement. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 145-172.
Redrawn from Bianco (1994)

R, continued

Reprinted from Holm (1991b)
Results from Rivera et al. (2008) suggest
Reviewed by Islam et al. (2014)
Reyes (2021) reported
Reyes (2021, p. 3) noted that
Reyes L. 2021. Coffee leaf rust resistance in Colombia. Euphytica. 217(6):118.
Ribeiro F. 2003. Stream caddisflies. Limnetica. 22:9-18.
Rivera et al. (2008) excluded
Romero C. 1991. Puna grass yield. Mt Res Dev. 11:23-30.
Rosen (1989) compiled
Rosen and Holm (1992) failed to detect
Rosen DL. 1989. Tide pool sculpins. Pac Sci. 43:26-35.
Rosen DL. 1992. Tide pool fishes. New York (NY): Wiley.
Rosen DL. Forthcoming 1993. Sculpin homing. Copeia.
Rossi M, Bianchi G. 2023. Olive quick decline syndrome epidemiology. Phytopathology. 113(2):210-222.

S: 50 names

(Salazar 2025)
(Salazar and Vieira 2016)
(Sandoval 2009; Juarez 2010; Morales 2012)
(Sandoval et al. 2013)
(Santos et al. 2004)
(Sato 2024)
(see also Morita 1997; Ncube 2007)
(see Fofana 2012, p. 30)
(see Islam et al. 2014 for a review)
(see table 2 in Kaya 2014)
(sensu Dalton 1995)
(sensu Zubair et al. 2010)

S, continued

(Sesay et al. 2012, online appendix)
(Sharma 2007a, 2007b, 2007c)
(Shrestha 2012)
(Silva J 2005; Silva M 2005)
(Šimek 2009)
(Singh A 2010; Singh P 2010)
(Sithole 2011, chap. 7-8)
(Smith [date unknown])
(Sokolov 1995, 1998; Kovacs and Sokolov 1999)
(Sørensen 2021)
(St-Pierre 2005)
(Steinberg et al. 2025)
(Stojanovic 2005; Stojanovic and Hill 2008)

S, continued

(Stojanovic and Hill 2008)
(Stojanovic et al. 2010)
(summarized in Oyama and Pham 2003)
(Sung and Ekwueme 2021)
(Suzuki 2022)
(Suzuki 2022, p. 7-9)
Salazar and Tremblay (2025) extended
Sato (2021) described
Sato H, Tanaka M. 2024. Vent microbiome atlas [software]. Version 2.1. Tokyo (Japan): JAMSTEC.
Sato H. 2021. Deep-sea hydrothermal vent microbiomes. ISME J. 15(3):654-668.
Schneider U, Zimmerman P, Steinberg L. 2019. Long-term nitrogen deposition and forest growth. For Ecol Manag. 445:1-12.
Sesay M. 2012. Mangrove plots [dataset]. PANGAEA.

S, continued

Silva J (2005) and Silva M (2005) disagreed
Sithole B. 2011. Baobab bark harvest. Econ Bot. 65:85-95.
Sokolov A. 1995. Taiga owl diets. Ornis Fenn. 72:14-20.
Sørensen K, Halvorsen E, Olsen P. 2021. Kelp forest recovery after sea urchin removal. Ecology. 102(6):e03349.
Source: Abbasi (2002)
Source: WHO (2020)
Sources: ISO (2010); APHA (2005)
Sources: Kato (1996); Morita (1997)
Sung J, Nakagawa K. 2016. Autophagy regulation in yeast under nitrogen starvation. Mol Biol Cell. 27(9):1445-1457.
Surveys by Lungu et al. (2011) show
Suzuki et al. (2022) sampled
Suzuki H, Thorne EA. 2022. Cherry blossom timing. Int J Biometeorol. 66:781-790.
Symbols as in Jimenez (2001)

T: 36 names

(Takahashi et al. 2017)
(Takeda c2001)
(Tamura 2001; Aoki and Tamura 2004)
(Tamura et al. 2005)
(Tanaka 2017)
(taxonomy follows Zubair et al. 2010)
(terminology after Dalton 1995)
(Thorne 2023)
(Thorne 2023; see also Suzuki and Thorne 2022)
(Thorne et al. 2019, 2022)
(Thorne, unpublished data)
(Toivonen 2000, pl. 12)

T, continued

(Torres 1988)
(Torres, Gomez, et al. 1990)
(Tremblay 2015)
Table 1. Clutch size by year (data from Achieng 2006)
Table 2. Rainfall by station (data from JMA 2011)
Table 3. Soil pH by plot (Ghosh 2006)
Takeda (1999) recommended
Takeda Y, editor. 2001. Rice models. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Takeda Y. 1999. Rice tiller models. Agron J. 91:210-216.
Tamura R. 2001. Wagtail roost sites. Ethology. 107:201-209.
Tanaka M, Takahashi R. 2020. Marine heatwaves and seagrass mortality. Glob Change Biol. 26(8):4321-4335.
Tembo M. 2010a. Kafue lechwe counts. Afr J Ecol. 48:3-10.

T, continued

Tembo M. 2010b. Kafue flood timing. J Hydrol. 389:1-8.
The dataset of Sesay et al. (2012)
The estimate of Yildirim (2005)
The index proposed by Ncube (2007)
The key of Zubair et al. (2010)
The model of Dossou and Eklund (2009)
The NRC (1996) recommended
Thorne and Varga (2023) compared
Thorne EA, editor. 2024. Urban ecology in a warming world. London: Routledge.
Toivonen (2000) illustrated
Toivonen H. 2000. Mire moss zonation. Lindbergia. 25:3-14.
Toivonen H. 2002. Mosses of boreal mires. Helsinki: Otava.

U: 29 names

([UNDP] United Nations Development Programme 2013)
([UNEP] United Nations Environment Programme 2022)
([UNESCO] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 2017)
([UNICEF] United Nations Children's Fund 2011)
([USDA] United States Department of Agriculture 2018)
([USFS] United States Forest Service 2001)
([USFWS] United States Fish and Wildlife Service 2019)
([USGS] United States Geological Survey 2020)
(Uddin 2024)
(Uddin 2024, p. 88; Pereira and Uddin 2020)
(Ueda 2016)
(Ueda 2016; Vieira 2017; Wagner 2018)
(Ueda and Yoon 2017)
(Ulloa and Zapata 2005)

U, continued

(UNFCCC 2011; UNDP 2013)
(updated from Sithole 2011)
(Urquhart 1987, cited in Rosen 1989)
(Urquhart 1987, vol. 1, p. 233)
(Usman and Vega 2006)
(Usman et al. 2009)
Ueda et al. (2016) first described
Ulloa D. 2004. Sardine egg surveys. Fish Oceanogr. 13:75-84.
Units converted from Urquhart (1987)
Unlike Jimenez (2001), we found
Urquhart (1987) warned
Urquhart (1987, cited in Rosen 1989) estimated
Urquhart IA. 1987. Machair birds. London: Academic Press.
Urquhart IA. 1987. Machair wader nests. Bird Study. 34:1-9.
Using the method of Egorov (2003)

V: 22 names

(Väisänen 1994)
(van den Berg and De Luca 1997)
(van der Merwe 2012)
(van Dijk et al. 2011)
(Varga 2016; Wilkins and Xu 2018; Yusuf et al. 2021)
(Varga 2025)
(Varga and Wilkins 2016)
(Varga et al. 2015, box 1)
(Vasquez 2016)
(Vieira 2017)
(Villanueva and McAllister 2020)

V, continued

(von Holt 1996)
(Vu and Weiss 2010, fig. 4a-c)
Values from Farah et al. (2013, table 4)
Varga I. 2016. Great bustard trends in Hungary. Bird Conserv Int. 26(2):189-201.
Vasquez et al. (2016) sampled
Vasquez R, Rojas C, Herrera D, Ortega M. 2016. Andean glacier retreat, 1980-2015. Cryosphere. 10(4):1723-1735.
Vasquez R. [date unknown]. Glacier monitoring protocol. Lima (Peru): Instituto Nacional de Glaciares.
Vieira (2017) established
Villanueva J. 2018. Mangrove restoration success in the Philippines. Restor Ecol. 26(1):108-117.
Vu and Weiss (2010) collected
Vu T, Weiss H. 2010. Reef fish larvae. Mar Biol. 157:1-12.

W: 29 names

([WHO] World Health Organization 2020)
([WHOI] Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 2006)
([WMO] World Meteorological Organization 2022)
([WWF] World Wide Fund for Nature 2020)
(Wagner 2018)
(Wagner and Abrahamsen 2018)
(Wallace et al. 2016)
(Wang L 2012; Wang X 2012)
(Wang X 2012; Li 2013)
(Wanjiru and Zulu 2013)
(Watanabe and Wong 1999)
(Watanabe and Wong 1999; Watanabe et al. 2003)
(Watanabe et al. 2003)
(Weber et al. 2016)

W, continued

(Whitfield 2019)
(WHO 2020)
(WHO 2020; CDC 2019)
(Wilkins 2015)
(Wojcik and Larsson 2016)
Wagner and Yoon (2018) calculated
Wallace TA, Rahman M. 2024. Sea level rise and salt marsh migration. Nat Clim Change. 14(2):155-162.
Weiss H. 2010 Jun 4. Reef survey ends. Times (London). 12.
Whitfield JR, Holloway BR, Grant HL, Wallace TA, Brennan K, McAllister D, Fitzgerald M, Sung J, Fontaine E, Zhang L, et al. 2021. Consortium report on avian cognition. Anim Cogn. 24(2):301-315.
Whitfield JR. 2020. Neural correlates of spatial memory in food-caching birds. J Neurosci. 40(15):3021-3033.
Wilkins (2015) hypothesized
Wilkins DR. 2015. Salt marsh accretion rates. Estuaries Coasts. 38(6):1902-1914.
Wojcik P. 2022. Urban heat island mitigation with green roofs. Urban For Urban Green. 68:127-138.
Work by Nair and Owusu (2013) indicates
World Health Organization (WHO). 2020. Global tuberculosis report 2020. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO.

X: 3 names

(Xu 2016)
(Xu 2016, vol. 2)
Xu et al. (2016) modeled

Y: 20 names

(Yadav and Yeo 2008; Yadav et al. 2012)
(Yamada 1993, cited in Kato 1996)
(Yamada 1993, footnote 4)
(Yamamoto 2021)
(Yildirim 2005, key to species)
(Yilmaz and Bakker 2025)
(Yoon 2019)
(Yoon and Zuñiga 2019; Abrahamsen et al. 2021)
(Yusuf 2017)
(Yusuf and Andersson 2017)

Y, continued

Yamada T. 1993. Kelp spore release. J Phycol. 29:160-166.
Yamada T. 1995. Kelp spores [letter]. J Phycol. 31:5.
Yamamoto et al. (2019) demonstrated
Yamamoto K, Sato H, Kimura T. 2019. Circadian regulation of leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 31(4):895-910.
Yamamoto K. 2021. Leaf senescence and the circadian clock [Internet]. Kyoto (Japan): Kyoto University; [updated 2022 Jan 15; accessed 2023 Aug 2]. https://example.ac.jp/senescence
Yildirim (2005) classified
Yildirim E. 2005. Steppe vole cycles. J Mammal. 86:95-102.
Yilmaz B. 2015. Seismic hazard assessment of the North Anatolian Fault. Bull Seismol Soc Am. 105(4):2038-2050.
Yusuf (2017) surveyed
Yusuf A, Zielinski M. 2018. Camel milk microbiota. Int Dairy J. 84:12-20.

Z: 17 names

(Zapata and Zulu 2011)
(Zhang 2019)
(Zhou et al. 2009, their table 2)
(Zielinski 2018)
(Zielinski 2018; Andersson 2019)
(Zielinski and Baptiste 2018)
(Zimmerman et al. 2017)
(Zulu et al. 2014)

Z, continued

(Zuñiga 2020)
(Zuñiga and Chowdhury 2019)
Zhang L. 2024. Soil microbial diversity under no-till agriculture. Soil Biol Biochem. 189:109-121.
Zhou et al. (2009) ranked
Zhou Q. 2014. Yeast drift rates [preprint]. bioRxiv.
Zielinski and Baptiste (2018) tested
Zubair et al. (2010) redescribed
Zubair M. 2010. Delta soils [map]. Karachi: Univ Karachi.
Zuñiga et al. (2019) tracked

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All 1,000 names

A: 90 names

B: 47 names

C: 52 names

D: 51 names

E: 35 names

F: 52 names

G: 33 names

H: 48 names

I: 50 names

J: 24 names

K: 58 names

L: 35 names

M: 48 names

N: 53 names

O: 37 names

P: 32 names

Q: 5 names

R: 44 names

S: 50 names

T: 36 names

U: 29 names

V: 22 names

W: 29 names

X: 3 names

Y: 20 names

Z: 17 names